In the period of disaster pre-warning, individual differences are very obvious in information acquisition and dissemination. The questionnaires include six multiple-choice questions and twenty-nine fill-in questions. We collected the following data: age, gender, educational background, vocation, media usage number N use and times per day T use , information forwarding number n fw and probability p fw , and the degree of trust of each of the six information media.
All respondents were between the ages of 10 and About half of questionnaires derived from urban areas while the rest were filled out in rural areas. The questionnaires allowed a detailed analysis of the degree of trust and service usage for short messages, microblogs, news portals, cell phones, television and oral communication. The data are presented in Table. The degree of trust in an information medium reflects its importance, and is crucial in information dissemination [18].
The questionnaires suggest that television, news portals, and microblogs have the three highest degrees of trust Television and news portals have the highest degrees of trust among the six media because these two media are managed by the government. Media coverage ratio determines whether the media could be used in information dissemination for pre-warning of a disaster.
The analysis of the data on media coverage ratios reveals that the usage coverage is very high although the degree of trust of some media is low.
The frequency of media usage is an important factor, reflects the popularity of the respective medium, and determines the difficulty of information acquisition. Oral communication is the most frequently used medium in our daily lives.
Cell phone and short messaging forms of communication come second as they are used more than 10 times per day. Television and news portals as mass media have lower usage numbers but longer watching times.
Microblogs are very popular as well 7. Forwarding number indicates the speed of information dissemination from person to person. Strong forwarding capability could lead to rapid information acquisition [19]. Microblogs had the highest average forwarding number ; followed by short messaging However, television and news portals are one way media transmitting information from a public organization to a wide audience, and cannot be used for forwarding information person to person.
The detailed results of effective information dissemination probability and delay time are introduced and calculated below. The models of six typical information media including short messages, microblogs, news portals, cell phones, television and oral communication could be divided into three types. The first type was based on person to person without geographical limitation, including short messages and cell phones, the initial stage of which may present an exponential growth in recipients.
The second type was based on person to person with geographical limitation such as oral communication where information can be disseminated only within a limited distance. In addition, television and news portals can transmit information from a mass media to person with a logarithmic growth in recipients which were defined as the third type.
In this study the information dissemination models of microblogs, oral communication and television were taken as the representative media to analyze. The effective information dissemination probability and delay time of each information medium were obtained through process analysis and data calculation. Due to fast speed and convenient operation in information dissemination, microblogs have become increasingly popular in recent years. In Fig. P 2 b is the probability of ignorant users receiving information and N use is the number of people using a microblog.
P 3 b is the probability of that those people who received information believe the same; it is related to the degree of trust of the microblog and received information numbers in the time interval n rec b can be obtained by computational simulation.
The detailed simulation process is listed below:. Set all the parameters which are obtained from questionnaires to target people and create 5 initiative believers which are regarded as the information sources forwarding the information through microblog.
Search for the target people who have qualification to forward microblogs in this step. These target people should follow four conditions:. With the increase of received information number and the degree of trust, the probability will also rise.
P fw b is the average forwarding probability from believers to spreaders. Based on Fig. Users are hypothesized not to check microblogs at night midnight to 8 a.
Based on the usage number of microblogs per day, people check microblogs n times between 8 a. Here T 1,blog is the total delay time, P 1,blog denotes the proportion of period 1 to 24 hours; f 1,blog is the function of delay time; P 1,blog represents the time weight of dt.
Equation 7 is the comprehensive calculation of average delay time of microblog T blog where n is the usage number of the microblogs per day. Effective information dissemination probability can be obtained through the same analysis since the information dissemination models of short messaging and cell phones are very similar to that of a microblog.
The delay time for short messaging was directly obtained through questionnaires. The delay time of cell phones was acquired by conducting calling experiments covering different situations, including answering the phone, busy line, powering off, and hanging up. The models for cell phones and short messages are given in the Appendix A and B of Appendix S1 respectively information dissemination characteristics curves are shown in Fig. S1 and Fig. Oral communication is a very universal and flexible information dissemination form.
However, the distance over which information can be transmitted is very limited. Because of this limitation, population density is the most important influencing factor in information dissemination. Beijing's population density decreases from the center to the periphery in concentric circles.
In addition, the speed of information dissemination will decrease as the distance from the central area increases. An over times difference in population density among different areas leads to an obvious difference in information dissemination speed between urban areas and rural areas. Considering that the positioning of information sources will strongly influence information dissemination, the Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the information dissemination process.
It was calculated that the information believers would notify on average 3. The dissemination distance and the number of notified people were then obtained. The information dissemination time in one grid was set to one minute, i. The effective information dissemination probability, which is the product of probability of information reception, degree of trust, and average delay time, can be obtained through computational calculation. Television is a mass medium with strong influence and high degree of trust that transmits information from medium to person using images and sound.
In this study the television-watching period was divided into 8 phases with 3 hour intervals. The average time of TV watching peaked at 73 minutes after 6 p. This means that television may be a very good choice for disaster information dissemination during the evening. The information is assumed to be broadcast once every hour. A person should get the information at least once during a 60 minute period. P 2,TV is therefore a piecewise function related to the duration of watching time t i.
Finally, the probability that television viewers believe the information P 3,TV is calculated through the degree of trust of TV C TV and receiving times of information n. In summary, the effective information dissemination probability P, is calculated by Equation 8. In contrast to a microblog, watching television is a continuous activity. For example, t1 shows that the watcher watched TV t1 minutes between midnight and 3 a.
When an information source is broadcast during period 1, the average delay time is calculated based on Equation 9. The comprehensive function is calculated by Equation 10 considering different delay times from period 1 to period 8.
The television model could also be used to simulate the dissemination of information by a news portal because the information dissemination mechanism of a news portal is similar to that of television.
The model of a news portal is given in the Appendix C in Appendix S1 the information dissemination characteristics curve is shown in Fig. Simulations were performed concerning all the models mentioned above; and different curves were drawn to judge their capability to disseminate information, taking into account typical influencing factors such as age, gender, and residential area.
In this study the information dissemination capability is reflected by the number of information believers within a fixed time period. Since the majority of children and elders acquire information from their families, the sample size of this population is small. Thus, we have set the age range from 16 to According to census data [21] , there are about 25 million people in Beijing.
Using all the data from the simulations, detailed results of information dissemination are analyzed below:. The curves indicate that short messages can be sent very rapidly.
Statistical data analysis reveals that the information dissemination of SMS accords with equation The delay time and usage time are two key factors that explain the difference between various age groups. According to Fig. It can be concluded that increasing short message usage frequency and usage time of people living in rural areas would greatly improve total information dissemination efficiency.
Information source can be transmitted in a short time because there are many microblog fans. Furthermore, the number of people who believe information just reaches about 11 million because of a low degree of trust and low usage. In contrast, the younger group shows a strong capability in information dissemination. Cell phones are the most common information dissemination media used in our daily lives.
According to our statistical data analysis, the information dissemination of cell phone accords with equation The unusual continuous increase should be attributed to the long communication time periods via cell phones about three hours.
It also can be seen that females have a higher capability of information dissemination by cell phone than males. In addition, inhabitants in urban areas use cell phones frequently, which means this medium has a better information dissemination capability there than in rural areas immediately before a disaster situation.
The curves were drawn under different conditions, including different residential areas, forwarding people numbers, and degrees of trust. However, because of the geographical limitation of information dissemination via oral communication, continued increase of forwarding numbers did not result in a significant improvement.
A comparison of the black to the brown line shows that, consistent with the law of population density distribution, the speed of information dissemination in urban areas is much higher than in rural areas. Considering that the position of an information source is the main factor determining the speed of information dissemination via oral communication, the Monte Carlo method was employed to improve the accuracy of results and to avoid the uncertainty caused by different information distribution sources.
In this case the simulation time is set to We can conclude that the speed of information dissemination of TV is strongly related to particular time periods: A large number of people are accustomed to watching TV between 6 p.
According to the curves of information dissemination, in the first day min , about 17 million people received the information, and over the following few days the slope of the curve declined. Finally, after ten days, about 22 million people would have been informed via TV because of the high degree of trust. As shown in Fig. Managers can communicate valuable feedback to the team if changes are needed. HR Technologist also notes that communication should be a two-way street allowing employees to voice opinions and influence decisions.
Forbes suggests that using project management software as information dissemination tools can dramatically improve efficiency and speed automation. Harvard Business Review characterizes social media as a powerful information dissemination tool in the workplace.
In fact, HBR reports that 82 percent of employees surveyed indicated that using platforms like Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn improves work relationships and helps them do their job. Many employees use social media to share ideas, ask work-related questions and solve problems. They also felt more connected, motivated and engaged through social media. Other increasingly important ways of communicating information include virtual town hall meetings and video conferencing.
According to PCMag , video conferencing is becoming as common as telephone use. Using a variety of information communication strategies and mixed communication tools draws attention to important information. According to Workplace-Communication. Press releases and announcements on the company website provide an economical way of announcing big changes. Or, ENVI can act as a completely interoperable solution with existing products and infrastructure. Conserving enterprise infrastructure, whether it's disk space or bandwidth, keeps the systems up and running and costs under control.
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